Although some of the details of the story are lacking, what is clear is that this new pharaoh is not at all happy with what he sees. What troubles him is the increasing number of Israelites (v. 9).11 To put it another way, Pharaoh is opposed to their fulfillment of the creation mandate to be fruitful and increase (cf. Pharaoh’s words in v. 9 with vv. 6–7). In this respect, Pharaoh represents not only a force hostile to God’s people by enslaving them (vv. 11–14), but a force hostile to God himself,